Getting started with C Language.

Section 1.1: Hello World

To create a simple C program which prints "Hello, World" on the screen, use a text editor to create a new file (e.g.

hello.c — the file extension must be .c) containing the following source code:

hello.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)

{

puts("Hello, World");

return 0;

}

Let's look at this simple program line by line

#include <stdio.h>

This line tells the compiler to include the contents of the standard library header file stdio.h in the program.

Headers are usually files containing function declarations, macros and data types, and you must include the header

file before you use them. This line includes stdio.h so it can call the function puts().

See more about headers.

int main(void)

This line starts the definition of a function. It states the name of the function (main), the type and number of

arguments it expects (void, meaning none), and the type of value that this function returns (int). Program

execution starts in the main() function.

{

…

}

The curly braces are used in pairs to indicate where a block of code begins and ends. They can be used in a lot of

ways, but in this case they indicate where the function begins and ends.

puts("Hello, World");

This line calls the puts() function to output text to standard output (the screen, by default), followed by a newline.

The string to be output is included within the parentheses.

"Hello, World" is the string that will be written to the screen. In C, every string literal value must be inside the

double quotes "…".

See more about strings.

In C programs, every statement needs to be terminated by a semi-colon (i.e. ;).

return 0;

When we defined main(), we declared it as a function returning an int, meaning it needs to return an integer. In

this example, we are returning the integer value 0, which is used to indicate that the program exited successfully.

After the return 0; statement, the execution process will terminate.

Editing the program

Simple text editors include vim or gedit on Linux, or Notepad on Windows. Cross-platform editors also include

Visual Studio Code or Sublime Text.

The editor must create plain text files, not RTF or other any other format.

Compiling and running the program

To run the program, this source file (hello.c) first needs to be compiled into an executable file (e.g. hello on

Unix/Linux system or hello.exe on Windows). This is done using a compiler for the C language.

See more about compiling

Compile using GCC

GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) is a widely used C compiler. To use it, open a terminal, use the command line to

navigate to the source file's location and then run:

gcc hello.c -o hello

If no errors are found in the the source code (hello.c), the compiler will create a binary file, the name of which is

given by the argument to the -o command line option (hello). This is the final executable file.

We can also use the warning options -Wall -Wextra -Werror, that help to identify problems that can cause the

program to fail or produce unexpected results. They are not necessary for this simple program but this is way of

adding them:

gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -o hello hello.c

Using the clang compiler

To compile the program using clang you can use:

clang -Wall -Wextra -Werror -o hello hello.c

By design, the clang command line options are similar to those of GCC.

Using the Microsoft C compiler from the command line

If using the Microsoft cl.exe compiler on a Windows system which supports Visual Studio and if all environment

variables are set, this C example may be compiled using the following command which will produce an executable

hello.exe within the directory the command is executed in (There are warning options such as /W3 for cl, roughly

analogous to -Wall etc for GCC or clang).

cl hello.c

Executing the program

Once compiled, the binary file may then be executed by typing ./hello in the terminal. Upon execution, the

compiled program will print Hello, World, followed by a newline, to the command prompt.

Section 1.2: Original "Hello, World!" in K&R C

The following is the original "Hello, World!" program from the book The C Programming Language by Brian

Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie (Ritchie was the original developer of the C programming language at Bell Labs),

referred to as "K&R":

Version = K&R

#include <stdio.h>

main()

{

printf("hello, world\n");

}

Notice that the C programming language was not standardized at the time of writing the first edition of this book

(1978), and that this program will probably not compile on most modern compilers unless they are instructed to accept C90 code.

This very first example in the K&R book is now considered poor quality, in part because it lacks an explicit return

type for main() and in part because it lacks a return statement. The 2nd edition of the book was written for the old

C89 standard. In C89, the type of main would default to int, but the K&R example does not return a defined value

to the environment. In C99 and later standards, the return type is required, but it is safe to leave out the return

statement of main (and only main), because of a special case introduced with C99 5.1.2.2.3 — it is equivalent to

returning 0, which indicates success.

The recommended and most portable form of main for hosted systems is int main (void) when the program does

not use any command line arguments, or int main(int argc, char **argv) when the program does use the

command line arguments.

C90 §5.1.2.2.3 Program termination

A return from the initial call to the main function is equivalent to calling the exit function with the value

returned by the main function as its argument. If the main function executes a return that specifies no

value, the termination status returned to the host environment is undefined.

C90 §6.6.6.4 The return statement

If a return statement without an expression is executed, and the value of the function call is used by the caller, the behavior is undefined. Reaching the } that terminates a function is equivalent to executing a

return statement without an expression.

C99 §5.1.2.2.3 Program termination

If the return type of the main function is a type compatible with int, a return from the initial call to the

main function is equivalent to calling the exit function with the value returned by the main function as its

argument; reaching the } that terminates the main function returns a value of 0. If the return type is not

compatible with int, the termination status returned to the host environment is unspecified.